Professional Legal Ethical and Social Issues Essay

PROFESSIONAL LEGAL ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES Lecture capture system provides institutions with useful learning resources and enables learners to get access to huge volume of content on demand. This system obviously is useful for distance learning, revision and re-use of materials. With advancement in IT sector day by day in all aspects of life, creating more opportunity and success in all fields. There come also various issues like Professional, legal, ethical and social related which one may not be aware which surround the use of IT. There are accredited professional bodies like BCS, IEEE which have raised awareness of social, legal and professional issues which one must be aware of. There needs to be regular introduction and†¦show more content†¦11(2)) which states that an employee who creates a literary, dramatic, musical, artistic work or a film work in the course of their employment, the default position in law states that copyright in the work will belong to him u nless there is a contract or agreement to the contrary. For instance a lecturer who writes his lecture notes and reads from them in a lecture. The lecture owns a copyright unless there is an agreement in place stating otherwise (University of Southampton 2011). Performer’s right: Performer is the first owner of the performance not the employer. According to CDPA (s. 182 A) a performer’s right are infringed where a recording of a substantial part of a performance is made without his consent or where it is issued to public without his consent. The performance right is unique and can be dealt in the same way as other intellectual property rights. In order to avoid any possible risks of infringement and possible action by performer the institution should consider rights carefully otherwise it will be a serious issue to the university or college. For instance any guest speaker delivering an inspiring lecture many students missed it but they are assured that it will be a vailable in a recording. All materials about this guest lecture were created by the speaker and the university has the license thatShow MoreRelatedLegal, Social, Ethical And Professional Issues1507 Words   |  7 Pages DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKS AND METHODS Answers for C1 and C2 of CW_COMP1648 â€Æ' Contents Legal, Social, Ethical and Professional Issues 2 Section C1 2 BCS Codes of Conduct and British computer society 4 Section C2 4 Legal, Social, Ethical and Professional Issues Section C1 The new ecommerce web store will be web base just like many other successfully ecommerce websites. All customers will need to sign up before purchasing any item from the new online store, byRead MoreLegal, Social, Ethical And Professional Issues1581 Words   |  7 Pages DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKS AND METHODS Answers for C1 and C2 JANUARY 1, 2016 LUCAS FERREIRA GUIMARAES 000810567-7 Lucas Ferreira Guimaraes -- Student ID No. 000810567-7 1 Contents Legal, Social, Ethical and Professional Issues .......................................................................... 2 Section C1 ............................................................................................................................................ 2 BCS CodesRead MoreMoral Ethics And Values Based Dilemmas871 Words   |  4 Pagesdilemmas are ethical principles that difficult to handle at a workplace when employees have to choose what is wrong and right according to their own ethics. An effective ethics program must complement the values of the organization along with the values in the law. Good ethical behavior for any business is always a fundamental to its success. The main key for business owners and managements is to ensure all employees understand all the ethics. This paper discusses how Bank of America ethical principlesRead MoreInformation And Communication Technologies ( Icts )909 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem to the patient. The monitoring systems like infant warmer makes alarms when temperature rises or falls, Numerous risk points contribute to alarm- and monitoring-related adverse events, including alarm fatigue, com-munication breakdowns, training issues, and equipment failures. According to Pelczarski, alarm fatigue is one of the most common contributors to alarm failures. â€Å"Staff become overwhelmed by the sheer number of alarm signals, which results in alarm desensitization and delayed response orRead MoreBusiness Practices Of The West Houston Medical Center Organization847 Words   |  4 Pagesbe accepted by the community, not to mention in order to ensure a successful business. Ethical values can have a focal point on organizational concerns which assist the company in adhere to respectable practices within their establishment or corporation. I am part of the West Houston Medical Center organization, and the hospital’s mission statement states: â€Å"We are a family of dedicated Healthcare professionals committed to providing exceptional healthcare and service by exceeding the expectationsRead MoreCybercrime And The Fight Against Cybercrime1227 Words   |  5 Pagesovershadowed the debate on the ethical, social and legal issues that have accompanied the advent of information systems (Schell Martin, 2004). In particular, while many people are aware of cybercrime, very few understand its far-reaching implications. For this reason, this discussion will focus on exploring cybercrime, with a special focus on its legal, ethical and social impacts. In doing so, it will also comment on the responsibilities that computing professionals must undertake in the fight againstRead MoreSocial Care Environment: Ethical Practice Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesWhen working in a social care environment, ethical practice plays a m ajor part in every aspect of your work. This essay will explain what ethical practise is, how it affects the social care industry, and some examples as to how it could play an important role in daily work. Ethical practise is difficult to properly define. â€Å"Caseworkers, supervisors, and other staff should be guided by an overarching set of ethical standards that inform their decision-making and conduct when working with childrenRead MorePrivacy and Computer Technology1813 Words   |  7 Pagesso are ethical issues. Because of the widespread, computer ethics are boiling down distinguishing what is good from what is wrong mentality. Everyones view on computer ethics differ, however all should keep in mind the value of ethics when making decisions that are ethics based. The golden rules of computer ethics state that, one should do to one another what he/she thinks should be done to them and if at least quite a number of people obey the golden rule, then there would be no many issues concerningRead MorePatient Confidentiality1042 Words   |  5 PagesDescription of the Ethical Issue In a technological world protecting patients’ information has become harder and harder to maintain. Todays new threat is social media. According to Elizabeth Scruth, et. al, (2015) social netweorking is one of the most common types of social media being used (para. 5). We live in an era where social media is being used as our own personal journals. Everyday personal experiences and the happenings of our day to day lives are constantly being posted on social networking sitesRead MoreCode of Ethics for Computer Professionals1134 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessions have codes of ethics and for the same reasons computer professionals need a code of ethics. Professions that have been in existence for many more years than the information profession have had time to recognise their ethical responsibilities. In the information field it can be more difficult to immediately recognise who is affected by the actions of an individual or organisation. This does not mean that information prof essionals have no moral responsibilities. It is common across all professions

Understanding How the Earths First Forests Developed

The vascular plant emerged around 400 million years ago and started Earths forest-building process during the Silurian geologic period. Although not yet a true tree, this new member of the terrestrial plant kingdom became the perfect evolutionary link (and the largest plant species) with developing tree parts and considered the first proto-tree. Vascular plants developed the ability to grow large and tall with massive weight needed for the support of a vascular internal plumbing system. The First Trees The earths first real tree continued to develop during the Devonian period and scientists think that tree was probably the extinct ​Archaeopteris. This tree species followed later by other tree types became the definitive species comprising a forest during the late Devonian period. As I have mentioned, they were the first plants to overcome the biomechanical problems of supporting additional weight while delivering water and nutrients to fronds (leaves) and roots. Entering the Carboniferous period around 360 million years ago, trees were prolific and a major part of the plant life community, mostly located in coal-producing swamps. Trees were developing the parts that we immediately recognize today. Of all the trees that existed during the Devonian and Carboniferous, only the tree fern can still be found, now living in Australasian tropical rainforests. If you happen to see a fern with a trunk leading to a crown, you have seen a tree fern. During that same geologic period, now extinct trees including clubmoss and giant horsetail were also growing. Evolution of the Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Primitive conifers were the next three species to appear in ancient forests around 250 million years ago (the late Permian to Triassic). Many trees, including the cycads and monkey-puzzle tree, can be found around the world and are easily recognized. Interestingly, the very familiar ginkgo trees ancestor appeared during this geologic period and the fossil record shows the old and the new to be identical. Arizonas petrified forest was a product of the rise of the first conifers or gymnosperms, and exposed fossilized logs are crystallized remains of the tree species Araucarioxylon arizonicum. There was another type of tree, called an angiosperm or hardwood, making headway during the early Cretaceous or about 150 million years ago. They appeared at about the same time geologists think the earth was breaking up from a single continent called the Pangaea and dividing into smaller ones (Laurasia and Gondwanaland). Early into that Tertiary period, hardwoods exploded and diversified themselves on each new continent. That is probably the reason hardwoods are so unique and numerous across the globe. Our Present Evolutionary Forest Few dinosaurs ever made a meal on hardwood leaves because they were rapidly disappearing before and during the beginning of the new age of hardwoods (95 million years ago). Magnolias, laurels, maples, sycamores, and oaks were the first species to proliferate and dominate the world. Hardwoods became the predominant tree species from mid-latitudes through the tropics while conifers were often isolated to the high-latitudes or the lower latitudes bordering the tropics. Not a lot of change has happened to trees in terms of their evolutionary record since the palms made their first appearance 70 million years ago. Fascinating are several tree species that simply defy the extinction process and show no indication that they will change in another dozen million years. I mentioned ginkgo earlier but there are others: dawn redwood, Wollemi pine, and monkey puzzle tree.

Organic Products - 4246 Words

Definition of Ecopreneurship The term â€Å"ecopreneur† is derived from two terms which are â€Å"entrepreneur† and â€Å"ecology. An entrepreneur is a person who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods and who accepts the risks associated with them. (Schaper, Michael.2002) He can be anyone who identifies an opportunity in a market and has a belief that it would succeed in the economy and on that belief he starts exploiting the opportunity. They may create a new organization or may be a part of an existing organization where they revitalize the organization in response to their perceived opportunity. Generally, the word entrepreneur is used to denote a person who starts a†¦show more content†¦* The degree of intentionality separates ecopreneur from accidental entrepreneurs. Principles of ecopreneurship There are some basic principles and measurements that can help guide the practice of ecopreneur and provide some basic standards of principle to this emerging group. 1. Energy and Resource Use Efficiency and Maximization: â€Å"In nature, one-way linear flows do not long survive. Nor, by extension, can they long survive in the human economy that is a part of the earths ecosystem. The challenge is to redesign the materials economy so that it is compatible with the ecosystem†. (Lester Brown. Earth Policy Institute). By minimizing waste production and maximizing reuse of waste streams, sustainable business can potentially significantly increase profits. 2. Ecosystem Services: Services related to protection of ecosystem and natural resources and preventing environmental degradation can be an inspiration for a green business idea for ecopreneurs. 3. Natural step principles: Ecopreneurs can see potential risks, such as extinction of substances extracted from the Earth’s crust or overharvesting etc, as opportunities for success through green business. 4. Eco- efficiency and eco-effectiveness: Ecopreneurs should find methods of decreasing waste while increasing productivity such thatShow MoreRelatedOrganic Foods Products And Non Organic Products1188 Words   |  5 PagesOrganic products and non-organic products have been a subject of interest for me for a reasonable amount of time because I have often questioned whether there really was a difference between the two types of products chemically. To begin, labeling something as organic you have to very precise and it is determined by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The regulations set are extremely specific and it is relatively difficult to meet the standards. The pesticides must be natural, andRead MoreThe Consumption Of Organic Products989 Words   |  4 Pageshas been proven that the consumption of organic products has the same nutritional values as conventional products. Although quality nutrition is not a factor in the cost for organic products, the real cost is stemmed from the neglect of pestici de in the product. Ultimately organic products are raised in a superior environment unlike conventional products which are raised in cost effective methods. Non-organic products mature in ghastly conditions. Products purchased by a future consumer should ultimatelyRead MoreOrganic Products And Non Organic Foods Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesOrganic products and non-organic foods have been a subject of interest for me for a great amount of time because I have often questioned whether there really was a difference between the two types of products. I always wondered what the nutritional, economic, laborious, and pollution differences were, if any, in the creation of the two types of products. . Through research, I have discovered a few sources from claiming data, which permits me to focus more than a physical distinction of the two. InRead MoreAre Organic Products More Nutritional than Non-Organic Products?562 Words   |  2 PagesInformation: 1. Are organic products more nutritional than non-organic products? 2. Aim: To show that organic products are more nutritional than non-organic products. Hypothesis: Organic products have more nutritional value than non-organic products. 3. Introduction: Yogurt is a delicious dairy product that is filled with vitamins, calcium, protein and probiotics. Many teenagers enjoy eating yoghurt as it a simple on the go product, which can be a healthy alternative as a snack. It can boostRead MoreDifference Between Organic And Non Organic Products1041 Words   |  5 Pageswas to see the difficulty in distinguishing the difference between organic and non-organic products. Goal Before heading to the local Farmer’s Market, there was one particular detail I was looking for and was hoping to find it on my visit at the market. I noticed that there were many different kinds of organic produce available in different booths. For example, in our supermarket, there are two or three of the same organic product, but with a noticeable price difference, leaving the shopper confusedRead MoreSituational Analysis : The National Organic Product1173 Words   |  5 PagesI. Situational Analysis a. Company/Organization Mission: To provide customers with healthy, and nutritional Apples. Our product is organically grown in North Carolina, and it is distributed throughout the country providing consumers with fresh high quality Organic Apples. The sweet and refreshing taste is especially alluring during the summer, and it is a cost efficient dessert that everyone can enjoy. b. Environmental Scanning: ïÆ'Ëœ Social/Cultural Trends: †¢ Environmental concern has spread throughoutRead MoreAn Exploration On Identification Of Malady And Organic Product1397 Words   |  6 Pagesmalady and organic product evaluating is helpful for agribusiness and ranchers. By distinguishing kind of sickness in foods grown from the ground evaluating of natural product taking into account its quality. For discovery of illness obliged diverse elements of products of the soil characterized these elements. For organic product reviewing section the picture after division figure contaminated and solid part of foods grown from the ground in light of rate of disease on natural product. This paperRead MorePeople Should Consume Organic Product Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pagesmethod called organic farming method that is producing the best quality food for every person. Nowadays, organic food has become a familiar term with many people. People should consume organic food because it reduces health risks, tastes great, protects the environmen t, and increases the innovative research. First, consuming organic food reduces health risks. Of course, there are more options for people from conventional products in the grocery stores, and they are cheaper than organic food. BesidesRead MoreA New Product Line Of All Organic Dog Food2253 Words   |  10 PagesFor this assignment, I would like to discuss and market a new product line of all organic dog food. My product will be called â€Å"Canine’s Healthy Diet†, it will have the slogan â€Å" . Rich in natural vitamins, minerals, essential healthy fats and easy digestion with no harsh chemicals are appeals for the consumer to move towards an all-natural organic pet food for their furry, four legged loved ones. Pets require a very specific balance of key nutrients in order to lead happy, healthy lives, said DrRead MoreShould We Be Spending The Money On Organic Produce Over Non Organic Products?875 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing the issue of whether or not we should be spending the money on organic produc e over non organic produce. They are clearly portraying that organic food should be purchased and consumed over non organic food. They convey the message that non organic food is relatively a newer concept than organic produce as it has only come into place since 1950s, where before this all food was originally organic grown. Non-organic farmers have at their disposal an arsenal of over 320 pesticides and they

The Between Catholicism And The Catholic Area - 969 Words

In source A it is shown that conformity to Catholicism is being forced, even though priests are willing to conform the overall consensus shows that Catholicism still needs to be widely accepted again by the people. Given that a priest in Yorkshire was recording this gives us an inclination into the regional view of religion at this time, its depict Yorkshire as less Protestant and so it would lead people to be more willing to conform due to the region being a strong Catholic area. Similarly source B supports the idea of Catholicism was strong, this is suggested through the actions taken in overcoming the obstacles caused by Protestantism and reconciling with Rome in favour of Catholicism once again. It shows conformity by how Parliament unanimously agreed on the act to repeal all laws against the Pope’s authority, the church seemly showed conformity as there were certain measures put into place to stop anybody who did not wish to revert back to Catholicism, these people were c alled Heretics and were strongly disliked by the church in particular. Source C favours the idea of secret resistance as it explores a committed Protestant view on the past changes made with Catholicism. It links with source D with the idea that Protestantism should remain the only religion in England however they differ on how open the resistance is. As the author of source C is writing about this in Elizabeth’s reign it has to be noted that at that time Protestantism had been restored, and so she canShow MoreRelatedLatin American Religions Essay examples624 Words   |  3 Pagesattributes of Latin American Catholicism? Identify and describe at least two distinctions and include how they are distinct from Catholicism elsewhere. The Central American War had changed the priorities of the Catholic Church in Latin America. In the 1980’s, the clergy’s had decided to go against the Catholic Church mainly the Vatican despite the various threats, and began to help the poor which were struggling for their equality and their rights. The Catholic activism was in support of theRead MoreMedieval Western Europe During The 19th Century Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesleft in the past. Remarkably, the British Isles fell into this geographical area; Anglo-Saxon England in particular. Relying heavily upon agriculture as a means of income, the Saxons occupied a rather humble life. Furthermore, Europe at this time lacked a sense of identity, having nothing to uniquely unify them as each region had their own unique beliefs and traditions. Seeing this, Pope Gregory the Great, who was the Catholic Pope of Rome from 590 to 604, sent missionaries to the southern tip of theRead MoreThe Power And The Glory888 Words   |  4 PagesComposition 20 April 2017 The Power and the Glory Throughout the 1900s there was high tension between the church and Mexico because the government did not highly favor religion. More specifically, Catholicism. Graham Greene’s â€Å"The Power and the Glory† is a novel based in the mid-1940s and captures the life of a priest on the run. A mysterious whiskey priest turns Mexico upside down as priests and the Roman Catholic during this time were despised. Graham Greene’s powerful novel is not only a story. ItsRead MoreThe Causes Of The Protestant Reformation1270 Words   |  6 Pages Roman Catholicism and Christianity as a whole expanded throughout the globe over the 16th century. Roman Catholic Churches have a hierarchical organization with the Pope of Rome at the top to facilitate the matters of the Churches around the globe. Their doctrines and teachings came from their interpretations of the Bible. Roman Catholicism was widely accepted in most cases, but some were still unsure about the said religion. Skeptics were wary of the Roman Catholic Church because ofRead MoreThe 19th Century1724 Words   |  7 PagesKingdoms and Provinces for his holy glory. Amen.’ (Colonization Arizona pg. 36) Indeed, the Spanish would come to rule a Southwestern colony where political and religions institutions had little delineation and all was one under the watchful eye of the Catholic Church and the King. The English, though not arriving to the American shores in as dramatic fashion as the Spaniards, would come to shape colonial life just as thoroughly. Though not the first English colony to be settled in America, Plymouth PlantationRead MoreThe Sacred Ritual Of Marriage1366 Words   |  6 Pagesmarriage in Catholic Christianity and Hinduism, while superficially different, are essentially the same. This is particularly evident when analysing similarities and differences in each faith’s perception of the purpose of marriage, the structure of the two wedding ceremonies, the symbols involved in the two ceremonies, and the role of family in the Catholic and Hindu wedding ceremony. An area of similarity within Catholic weddings and Hindu weddings is the purpose of marriage. Both Catholicism and HinduismRead MoreThe Christianity Of The Roman Empire1170 Words   |  5 Pagescalled Catholicism. Catholicism spread in the Roman Empire despite is conflicts with the pagan State Religion of the Roman Empire. These early Christians were severely persecuted by Roman Emperors such as Nero, Decius and Claudius. The persecution and suppressing of the Catholic Church stopped in 313 C.E after the Edict of Milan which legalized Christianity and finally a few years later in 380 C.E it became the state religion of Rome, marking the beginning of the Catholic Church. The Catholic ChurchRead MoreAnalysis Of Walter Onth, By Walter Ong1116 Words   |  5 Pageswithin Catholic institutions. That problem is the challenges the Church faces to be accepting in an ever growing pluralistic world, while also remaining true to it’s own values. With situations arising such as non-Catholic faculty and students, as well as questions of â€Å"academic freedom† Catholic institutions are found asking themselves where the line is of sharing their own ideas while still remaining flexible and accepting (Ong 1). Ong goes on to explain the etymology of the word â€Å"catholic† in orderRead MoreChrist Blessing, Surrounded By A Donor Family1159 Words   |  5 Pagesclimax during this era, rejected many aspects of Catholicism. Among other things, Protestants believed that each individual should read the Bible and develop a meaningful connection to G-d rather than limiting the Bible to the clergy’s interpretation.1 This Protestant belief and other tenets of the Reformers are evident in the Reformation’s art. Christ Blessing, Surrounded by a Donor Family demonstrates the manner in which the cultural shift from Catholicism to Protestantism in Northern Europe during theRead MoreThe Influences of the Great Famine on the Catholic Church1273 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great famine was a period of starvation, disease and emigration between 1845 and 1852. Dudley Edwards in the 1950s, stated ‘’it was but a period of greater misery in a prolonged age of suffering’. Around some 3.3 million people were completely dependent on the potato for survival while almost near up to 4.7 million relied on the root as the main item in their diet. Historian James Donnelly, junior, believes, ‘It was above all the poverty of such a large segment of the Irish population that

Job Fair Brochure Free Essays

Job Fair Brochure This discussion will describe the structure, business model, and culture of a selected business. There will be a justification for why each element was selected, and an explanation of how each choice of elements will impact the chosen business. A business model is like any other model; it represents and summarizes how whole businesses do business. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Fair Brochure or any similar topic only for you Order Now The business model explains, in summary, the fundamental nature of the business and how the business makes money, without having to share complexities of strategies, â€Å"processes, units, rules, hierarchies, workflows, and systems† (Business Model Designs and Innovation, 2005, p. ). For example, the business that is chosen is a Geriatric Health Club and Daycare. The company makes money by offering wellness and exercise services to senior citizens all over the Merrillville community; for a reasonable amount of money. The fundamental nature of the club is to encourage the elderly, ages 55 and older, to continue to live a healthier and active life, by offering leisure activities, social interaction with their peers, nutrition education, and exercise (Business Model Designs, and Innovation, 2005). The business model was chosen because research, indicates that â€Å"High-intensity resistance exercise training is a feasible and effective means of counteracting muscle weakness and physical frailty in very elderly people. In contrast, multinutrient supplementation without concomitant exercise does not reduce muscle weakness or physical frailty† (Clements, Evans, Fiatarone, Kehayias, Lipsit, Nelson, O’Neill Roberts, Ryan, and Solares, 2009, 1769). The impact of this business model helps the company to function and guide the company in a productive direction. The business model helps the company to stay profitable by catering to a fast increasing age group. â€Å"The business structure is the type of legal entity that exists to contract to perform licensed work. Examples of legal entities are individual/sole proprietors, corporations, limited liability companies (LLC), partnerships, limited partnerships (LP), and limited liability partnerships (LLP)† are examples of business structures (Minnesota Department of Labor, and Industry, n. d, p. 1). The structure of the Geriatric Health Club and Daycare is a partnership. A partnership is a business agreement between two or more people, with an understanding of making a profit (NSW Small Business, 2001). The geriatric health club and daycare operates under a registered business name. The business name the club operates under is Transitions Senior Health Club and Daycare. The reason a partnership was chosen is because liabilities can be shared (NSW Small Business, 2001). A functional structure is for the staff. The CNAs works directly with customers, RNs oversees the CNAs, trainers, therapist, and assist the Medical doctor. The partnership structure impacts the club by the sharing of liabilities and increased financial investments and the sharing of responsibilities. The functional structure brings order with the staff and creates a harmonious working environment (NSW Small Business, 2001). â€Å"The business culture is the way your organization operates, the customs, attitudes; etiquette and etc. † (Answer, 2007, p. 1). For example, Transitions will use â€Å"The Plane tree’s approach, which is holistic and encourages healing in all dimensions; mental, emotional, spiritual, social and physical† (Axia College of University of Phoenix 2008, p194). The Plane tree’s approach maximizes the outcomes of healthcare by combining â€Å"harmonizing medical therapies, such as mind and body medicine, therapeutic massage, acupuncture, yoga, and energy therapies with conventional medical therapies†(Axia College, 2009, p. 194). The medical staff is well trained, board certified, and licensed by the state. The trainers are certified in yoga, low impact exercises, and small weights. The instructors are RNs with bachelor’s degrees; a Medical Doctor and a certified massage therapist, will be on staff. The staff is given two weeks of vacation and health benefits. They are also given incentive awards for out standing work. The impact that this business culture will have on Transitions is a healthy, safe and serene environment. The customers will be encouraged to reach their wellness goals and lead a longer and active life. Reference Axia College of University of Phoenix. (2009). Job fair brochure. Retrieved August 30, 2009, aXcess BUS 210________Foundations of Business Course Website. This is not a properly formatted reference listing for the textbook for this course. Your citation to this source is incorrect as well for this reason. Answers. (2007). What is business culture? Retrieved August 27, 2009, from http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20080209153352AADUsZS Business Model Designs and Innovation. (2005). But What Actually is a Business Model? Retrieved August 27, 2009, from http://www. ask. com/web? qsrc=2417=01=dir=what+is+a+business+modle= Clements, K. M. , Evans, W. J. , Fiatarone, M. A. , Kehayias, J. J. , Lipsitz, L. A. , Nelson, M. E. , O’Neill, E. F. , Roberts, S. B. , Ryan, N. D, and Solares, G. R. (2009). Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. The New England Journal of Medicine. 330(25) 1769-1775. Retrieved August 30, 2009, from http://content. nejm. org/cgi/content/abstract/330/25/1769 How to cite Job Fair Brochure, Papers Job Fair Brochure Free Essays Job Fair Brochure Shawntaya Lewis BUS/210 February 10, 2013 Ms. Ella Noflin TAYA’S CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTER Functional and Geographic structure Being an employee at Taya’s child development center means everyone will work together to meet the need of the parent and children in the neighborhood. Teachers will provide high quality care. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Fair Brochure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Teachers will have experience and education in early childhood education. Business Model Our company is dedicated to meet each child indivual needs. We cater to infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. We will help guide the children through social emotional, sensory, and congnitive skills. We offer full time and part time quailty care. Organizational Culture Our company culture values employees who are motivated, energetic, creative, and dedicated. We will have weekly meetings to gather creative ideas to create fun learning experiences for the children. We value input that leads to growth. Employees must be trustworthy, team players, and have strong communication skills. Taya’s child development center is set up within functional and geographic structure. Our functunal structure focus on our employees working together because of their expertise to meet the childrens needs. We have a director, assisant director, lead teachers, assistant teachers, and teachers aids that work together. Our geographic structure focus on to make sure we are meeting the need of the community. We are dedicated to serve the children in our neghborhood. We are a full time service child development center. I selected functional structures because in order to run a child development center I need experience and educated teacher to work together to provide high quality child care. Employees grouped together because they have the same expertise of the same jobs, so they can easily communicate and share information with each other. They can often make decisions quickly and effectively by working together. â€Å"A functional structure also makes it easier for people to learn from one another’s experiences and improve their skills† (Jones, 2007). I also selected geographic structures because we have to make sure we are providing care for the need of the neighborhood. I think functional and geographic structures will help to build and strong business. I would have a Sole proprietorship child development center. I will operate a daycare center business in my name. I will be the only owner and I will hirer qualified teachers to help me run my child development center. My company is dedicated to serve the children and parents need in our community. We will meet the needs of each child indiviually. We will cater to infants, toddlers, and perschoolers in our community. We will help nuture and guide the children through social emotional, sensory and congnitive skills. We will provide fun learning experience for each age group of children. We will offer full time and part time care to meet the needs of our families in the community. We will offer music, yoga, and spanish enrichment learning classes. My business will help the children and parents in the community. I have selected organizational culture for my company values and norms that influence how people and groups behave and interact with one another. I want to create a happy and fun enivornment for my staff , parents, and children. My company culture values employees who are motivated, energtic, creative, and dedicated. We will have weekly team meetings to gather creative ideas to create fun learning experiences for the children. We value input that leads to growth. Employees must be trustworthy, team players, and have strong communication skills. The values I want my company to develop are excellence, stability, predictability, profitability, economy, creativeness, morality, and usefulness. â€Å"Company norms specify or prescribe the kinds of shared beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that a firm’s members should hold and follow. Norms are informal but powerful rules about how employees should conduct themselves if they want to be accepted and successful† (Jones, 2007). Organizational culture will allow my staff interact with one another and create a fun learning experience for the children and each other. It will also allow us to work in a fun loving environment. References Jones, G. R. 2007). Introduction to business: How companies create value for people. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I  certify that  the attached  paper is my original work. I am familiar with, and acknowledge my responsibilities which are part of, the University of Phoenix Student Code of Academic Integrity . I affirm that any section of the paper which has been submitted previously is attributed and cited as such, and that this paper has not been submitted by anyone else. I have identified the sources of all information whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, all images, and all quotations with citations and reference listings. Along with citations and reference listings, I have used quotation marks to identify quotations of fewer than 40 words and have used block indentation for quotations of 40 or more words. Nothing in this assignment violates copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property laws. I further agree that my name typed  on the line below is intended to have, and shall have, the same validity as my handwritten signature. Student’s  signature (name typed here is equivalent to a signature): Shawntaya Lewis How to cite Job Fair Brochure, Essay examples

Redesigning Organisation Downsizing

Question: Discuss about the Redesigning Organisation Downsizing. Answer: Introduction Organizational downsizing has been a practice in most of the organizations across the United States since the 1000s. This is evident with over 85% of the current successful companies having engaged in a downsizing activity (Gandolfi, 2007). This practice is also observed in other major companies in various countries as a response to the increase in the global competition and has enabled the organizations to cut on their labor costs as they seek to increase their productivity (Gandolfi Littler, 2012). While organizational downsizing is continually being used as a common practice, it lacks the theoretical backing (Cameron, 1994). Cameron call this phenomenon a common yet understudied phenomenon in the world of business (Cameron, 1994). The generally understood meaning of downsizing is the overall reduction in the size of the work force of a firm, but this term has become almost generic in its meaning (Lee Strang, 2006). This has resulted to several other actions such as restructuring, rightsizing, delaying, resizing, and reengineering being settled under the term downsizing. Despite all these terminologies, downsizing has become prevalent form of change to any organization that seeks to be leaner, more responsive and more flexible (Lee Strang, 2006). This therefore calls for a more research into the field in order to comprehend more on how organizations are able to recruit new employees after the period of recession. The purpose of this assignment is to come up with a proposal on how organizations are able to do recruitment after downsizing. This is in light to unearthing what organizations go through in getting new recruits and whether these recruits can measure up to the tasks that were handled by the previously downsized work force. The assignment is centered more on the businesses that were affected more by the 2008 recession so as to enable other business make worthwhile decisions when it comes to downsizing of their work force. This assignment is organized into sections with each subsection marked by a topic and a sub-topic where necessary. It begins with problem statement, followed by research objectives, justification of the project, the expected outputs from the research, the conceptual framework, research hypothesis and the methodology to be used in carrying out the project. The assignment also has additional sections that comprises of organization of the study, Gantt chart and the budget of the research and finally, the list of references used in the study. Problem Statement Several organizations face recession at one point of their operations. During these periods, most of the organizations are affected economically and hence seek for ways to readjust in order to survive these economic hardships. One of the sure ways in which most companies and organizations settle on to cut on expenditure and other related costs is downsizing (Shama, 1993). However, the methods employed by various organizations to do the downsizing varies from one organization to another. This notwithstanding, the effects of downsizing on the organizations are similar across the organizations and these effects become more adverse with prolonged recession period. The end of recession period signifies a period when the organization picks up and begins to expand. This is the period when the organization seeks to employ more work force and to replace the work force that was laid off during the process of downsizing. However, this has constantly become a problem that most organizations since they cant get a replacement of the laid down staff with similar experience and understanding that is important for the growth of the business. Getting the right employee for the organization and the whole process of recruitment is the most complex and more involving for the organization and determines whether it will be able to pick up after recession or not. In his book on The Paradox of Managerial Downsizing, Littler enumerates how downsizing leads a company to a period of struggle to recover from the effects of downsizing and how difficult it is to do a recruitment of new staff thereafter (Littler, 2004). In this research, the companies that have undergone recession and downsizing of the work are studied in order to determine how the process of downsizing affected their recruitment process after the period of downsizing. This is then used to make recommendations for the organizations that are yet to do downsizing due to recession in order for them to benefit from the process rather than getting the negative effects. Research Objectives In this research project, the overall aim will be to investigate which principles and management methods that organizations employ in recruiting employees after the process of downsizing, and how these principles affect the organization and their overall productivity. The study therefore will seek to answer the following questions: 1. How do organizations recruit employees after the process of downsizing? 2. How productive are the methods of recruiting employees after the process of downsizing by the organization? 3. Is there any other alternative to employee recruitment after the process of downsizing? 4. Are the downsized employees ready and willing to be recruited again by the same organization? This research will seek to answer these questions and in the process, the research will be able to give a recommendation on how to best recruit employees after a downsizing is done by an organization. Justification of the Project Downsizing is a healthy act that every organization must undergo in its guest to try and survive through trying economic times (Lee Strang, 2006). However, the risk is when the downsizing is not done in a proper manner. Several authors and researchers have tried to document ways in which downsizing can be done in a proper manner but what all these researches fail to address is how the aftermath recruitment of the work force can be done by companies that have just undergone a downsizing process. The recession experienced in 2008 was an all-time major hit to several organizations and major businesses were hit by bankruptcy in the process (Sharma, et al., 2011). To ensure that the businesses are well prepared when undertaking downsizing, this proposal will be undertaken based on a wide selection of data from major businesses and other experts taking into account the previous study in the area. This study will therefore be viable and of greater benefit to major organizations and businesses because of the following advantages: It will be beneficial to organizations that wish to understand how recruitment after downsizing affects the organization. The research proposal will enable the interested parties widen their mind on how recruitment after downsizing influences the activities and performance of the business as a whole. The managers of the organizations and the human resource department can make use of the strategies and techniques presented in this research study when recruiting new work force after the organization undergoes downsizing. The results presented from the analysis of data collected in this research will form the basis of future studies and will be of great benefit to business owners, policy makers and other interested stakeholders. The proposal will be of great benefit to new ventures and startups as they are able to gather information on the best practices and what to expect when the organization is on the path of downsizing. Expected Research Output/Outcome This research proposal will result to a framework that will act as a guide to recruiting a new work off as a result of organizational downsizing. This framework will act as a road map for small organizations and startups to follow when experiencing difficulties that might be as a result of recruiting new staff after a massive downsizing in the organization ("Life after downsizing", 2002). Different organizations undertake their recruitments of staff differently and in fact, downsizing is defined in a much different way in various organizations, but this document will act as a general picture that will help the businesses understand the whole picture of recruitment after an organization undergoes downsizing. Small business adjustment and execution all through such circumstances depend upon a few variables simply like the available assets and outside impacts together with item, work and capital economic situations. These elements can have an orientation on the last result of this exami nation. All the investigation destinations/questions as known in the proposition can be addressed construct for the most part with respect to the information accumulations, discoveries and examination that might be administered for consistent. These examination yields are seen as essential instructive work for the matter that has been known for this investigation proposition. Likewise, this examination can benefit future house proprietors of new businesses/new pursuits before they start up their undertaking. Conceptual Framework and Research Hypotheses In this paper we tend to consider 3 key variables that affect the methods downsizing sways advancement: velocity of downsizing, level of downsizing and rationale in downsizing. Beneath we have a tendency to talk about the levelheaded for picking the issues and expect the effect each variable has on advancement. Like most key activities, the effect of downsizing is extensively impacted by the methods it's implemented ("Who Suffers Most after Downsizing", 2008). The methods associations actualize downsizing changes from a stun associate in nursing stunningness or enormous detonation vogue wherever downsizing is authorized in an extremely focused on time allotment to a progressive usage approach wherever downsizing is implemented over a developed sum. Mitchell observed that ninety four of the human asset chiefs had however 2 months to set up and execute downsizing at interims their association and accordingly they were compelled to utilize a tremendous blast vogue (Mitchell, 2004). On Associate in nursing general premise, high chiefs as a rule endeavor for rate in actualizing downsizing to restrain the outcomes of imperviousness to that that may postpone or wreck it. Cameron et al., (1993: 32) depict the gigantic blast technique as "like tossing a bomb into a crouched range, shutting the entryway, and anticipating that the blast should kill an exact offer of the men. Its troublesome to foresee accurately WHO are killed and WHO can remain". Because of the rapid execution, it's modest to contend that administration wouldn't have sufficient energy to expect the procedure through and impart it legitimately to staff. In addition, laden of your time, administrators may choose WHO to cut back in Associate in nursing optional means or utilize an unrefined general guideline like rank, and wage levels ("Why Does Health Decline After Downsizing?", 2008). This could conjointly prompt downsizing the "wrong individuals" like to a great degree rehearsed staff. In qualification to the gigantic blast methodology, once administration require some serious energy to execute downsizing, they will deliberately, impart the clarifications and system of usage to staff and by along these lines doing ensure that workers' positions and feelings square measure dropped at bear on level and procedure of downsizing. Its most likely that understanding would be expanded underneath long run execution since staff feel that some of their issues are self-tended to. Assention among the different gatherings is essential to achieving the degree of common duty, acknowledgment and bolster important for prospering execution of key activities (Sheng Tzeng, 2014). Dooley and Fryxell (1999) reported that once amasses require some investment to determine question all through the execution of vital activities they tend to have higher responsibility to the decision, and positive states of mind to vary subsequently expanding the change of a prospering usage. Probably, the hi gher than said negative ramifications of expedient downsizing would be less once downsizing is authorized over a broadened measure of your time. Furthermore, investigation by Tsai and Shih (2013) found that once downsizing was presented over a broadened measure of your time, staff were prepared to remake their development systems and linkages and had room schedule-wise to repair the system once it lost key players. Subsequently, organizations weren't exclusively prepared to kill the negative impacts of downsizing on development, however were likely to support their advancement capacity (Tsai Shih, 2013). Upheld the higher than, we have a tendency to suggest that downsizing over a brief measure of your time is a great deal of unsafe to advancement yield than that implemented over an expanded measure of your time. Consequently, we tend to place that: 1.Pace of downsizing is adversely identified with development yield. 2. The size of men lessening is adversely identified with development yield. 3. Cut downsizing methodology is adversely identified with development yield. Center downsizing technique is totally identified with development yield. Methodology In order to accomplish all the research aims and questions of the research proposal, a number of methodologies will be employed. These are methodologies that have been proven to deliver consistent and accurate information hence will aid in arriving at viable conclusion. These methodologies are discussed in details below: Review of the literature: it is definite that various studies have been done in this field. To be relevant in the study and research, it is only reasonable enough to consider these studies and previous researches by doing an in-depth literature review. This will be based on books, journals, internet sources and other materials. This will act as a base for the subsequent study and research into the subject. Data collection methods through surveys and questionnaires: The various literature reviewed has several information and data that has been collected before. Other data are available with survey organizations and government agencies. These data will be scrutinized and analyzed for some consistencies and their results used as a base and guideline for the data to be collected. It will also act as a format guideline for the collected data. The above data will act as a base for collection of data for the study through questionnaires and interviews. This data will be seeking to understand how organizations and businesses are recruiting their new work force after they face a period downsizing (Tuazon, 2008). The questionnaires will be designed in such a way that they will be easy to interpret and presents data in a simple manner to ensure that during analysis, less work is involved. Observation of the Key Indicators: Inspecting key information from the National Bureau of Economic investigation that focuses on the study and correspondence of monetary conditions inside the U.S.A. they require laid out beyond any doubt key pointers that encourage live subsidence well heretofore all together that organizations will create cautious strategies to counter the aftereffects of retreat before it at long last hits. (Research, 2015). Data Analysis Methods: two methods of data analysis will be used in this research proposal, Qualitative and Quantitative. Qualitative analysis will utilize online forums and surveys with recruitment advisors, whereas Quantitative analysis uses figures, excel sheets, pie charts, mathematical and statistical analysis modelling which are available online with the help of the scholarly articles. The strategies utilized for dissecting quantitative data can be clear insights (getting the distinct measurements for the mean, middle, change and dispersion of the key variables to see however singular qualities group around the mean) and theory testing that can ponder the possibility of sort I and sort II mistakes (which identify with regardless of whether the information bolsters acceptive or dismissing the speculation). Additionally, multivariate investigation can be utilized to check, say for e.g., "To what degree will economy affect the efficiency of the association?" For investigating qualitative data, thoughts from writing can be utilized as a supply of encourage to set up the discoveries and connections can be inspected upheld the answers from on-line discussions and studies. This study will use a mixture of the above mentioned methodologies so as to ensure that an accurate solution for the problem stated earlier is arrived. This will involve an in-depth review of the literature to get an in-depth understanding, the consideration of the responses that will be obtained from the questionnaires and surveys carried out, which will enable the deduction of relevant findings from the data collected. These data will be arranged and grouped together using various factors as their basis of groupings. Organization of the Study This study will be organized based on the standard organization of any research. This means that the study will be organized in chapters and each chapter will have a particular topic under study. The proposed organization will be as follows: This will comprise the research proposal as outlined in this assignment. This chapter will delve in an in-depth case study that describes the topic under study in details This chapter is made up of the methodology that will be used in the study and specifically describes; literature review, data collection and analysis techniques This chapter will discuss the findings and analysis done in the previous chapter of the proposed research. This chapter will give a summary of the important findings from the research and their implications on the recruitment by the organizations immediately after undergoing the downsizing process. Gantt chart The schedule for this project is as shown in the Gantt chart below. The project will take approximately seven months. Task Name Start Date End Date Duration (Days) Project Proposal 04/03/2016 18/03/2016 14 Literature Review 18/03/2016 03/06/2016 77 Data Collection 03/06/2016 05/08/2016 63 Data Analysis 05/08/2016 02/09/2016 28 Final Report Submission 02/09/2016 30/09/2016 28 Project Budget and Budget Justification For this research proposal to be done to completion, some expenditure is necessary. It is upon the person undertaking it to justify the expenditure of the research in the proposal for its sponsors to buy the idea and accept to finance it. The overall cost of the research is estimated at $6050 and financing is necessary for the project to be completed in the proposed timeline. The justification of the project budget is as follows; The literature review to be undertaken involves the use of materials such as books, journals and online resources which do not come free hence requires some money to acquire them. Collecting data also involves a lot of movement and materials such as questionnaires and surveys requires to be printed which also cost money. The materials have to be taken in person and others posted to remote people and organizations managers for timely response. The analysis of the data can be done using software analysis which requires experts and expensive software are involved, hence money has to be spend also in the same. This expenditure is summarized as; Purpose Estimated Amount Literature Review $1250 Data Collection $2300 Data Analysis $2500 Total Budget Estimate $6050 References Cameron KS, Freeman SJ, Mishra AK. 1993. Downsizing and redesigning organizations, Organisational change and redesign, in Huber G. and Glick W. (eds) Oxford University Press, New York: 19-63. Cameron KS. 1994. Strategies for successful organizational downsizing. Human Resource Management, 33: 477-500. Dooley, R. S. and Fryxell, G. E. 1999. Attaining decision quality and commitment from dissent: The moderating effects of competence and loyalty in strategic decision-making teams. Academy of Management Journal, 42: 372-388. Gandolfi, F. (2007). How do large Australian and Swiss banks implement downsizing?. Journal Of Management Organization, 13(2), 145-159. https://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2007.13.2.145 Gandolfi, F. Littler, C. (2012). Downsizing is dead; long live the downsizing phenomenon: Conceptualizing the phases of cost-cutting. Journal Of Management Organization, 2244-2267. https://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2012.2244 Lee, C. Strang, D. (2006). The International Diffusion of Public-Sector Downsizing: Network Emulation and Theory-Driven Learning. International Organization, 60(04). https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818306060292 Life after downsizing. (2002). Human Resource Management International Digest, 10(3), 19-21. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/096707302760052510 Littler, C. (2004). The Paradox of Managerial Downsizing. Organization Studies, 25(7), 1159-1184. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840604046314 Mitchell Williams, S. (2004). Downsizing intellectual capital performance anorexia or enhancement?. The Learning Organization, 11(4/5), 368-379. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09696470410538260 Research, 2015. Measure a Recession. [Online] Available at: https://m.wikihow.com/Measure-a-Recession [Accessed 1 June 2016]. Shama, A., 1993. Marketing Strategies During Recession: A comparison of small and large firms. Journal of Small Business Management, I (1), pp. 62-72. Sharma, D., Garg, S. K. Sharma, C., 2011. Strategies for SMEs after Global Recession. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, III (1), pp. 58-66. Sheng Tzeng, D. (2014). Physical Quality of Life among Military Health Care Workers in Downsizing Organization. Occup Med Health Aff, 02(01). https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-6879.1000144 Tsai, P. Shih, C. (2013). When responsible downsizing strategy meets employee-oriented leadership: Implications for downsizing performance. Journal Of Management Organization, 19(05), 583-597. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.1 Tuazon, N. (2008). Survivor guilt after downsizing. Nursing Management (Springhouse), 39(5), 19-20,2223. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.numa.0000318060.48716.49 Who Suffers Most After Downsizing. (2008). The Back Letter, 23(12), 140. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.back.0000343828.23223.3e Why Does Health Decline After Downsizing?. (2008). The Back Letter, 23(12), 141. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.back.0000343829.93580.35

Study Habits free essay sample

When the chance finally comes, they are not prepared and are likely to miss a similar shot again. In contrast, a tennis coach can give tennis players repeated opportunities to hit backhand volleys that are progressively more challenging ND eventually integrated into representative match play. However, unlike recreational play, such deliberate practice requires high levels of concentration with few outside distractions and is not typically spontaneous but carefully scheduled (Ericson, 1 996, 2002).A tennis player who takes advantage of this instruction and then engages in particular practice activities recommended by the teacher for a couple of hours in deeply focused manner (deliberate practice), may improve specific aspects of his or her game more than he or she otherwise might experience after many years of recreational play. Ericson, Kramer, and Teach-Roomer (1993) proposed that the acquisition of ex- pert performance was primarily the result of the cumulative effect of engagement in deliberate-practice activities where the explicit goal is to improve particular aspects of performance. These activities are typically designed by a teacher or by the elite performers themselves when they have reached a sufficiently high level of mastery. The specific goals of deliberate practice and the detailed nature of training activities will differ for a given person from practice session to practice session as it will from one errors to another in a given domain and particularly across domains.However, the general goal Of all forms of deliberate practice involves improving some aspect of performance in an effective manner and, thus, deliberate practice has a number of pre-requisites, including the capacity to sustain full concentration, a distraction-free environment, and access to necessary training resources. Hence to engage in deliberate practice the aspiring elite performers often need to travel to a training facility and to schedule the practice activity to assure the ability to sustain concentration during E. A. Plant et al. Contemporary Educational Psychology 30 (2005) 96-1 16 99 the daily practice activity (Ericson, 1 996, 2002, AAA). Ericson et al. (1993) and Ericson (1 996, 2002, AAA) demonstrated that the attained level of an individual?s performance is closely related to the reported amount of deliberate practice, primarily solitary practice focused on improvement, that he or she has accumulated since the introduction to a domain, such as chess (Chariness, Kramer, Marry, 1 996), sports (Ericson, 2001, AAA, Bibb; Helsel, Starkest, Hodges, 1 998; Starkest, Decking, Lard, Hodges, Hayes, 1996), and music (Ericson et al. 993; Kramer Ericson, 1996; Lehmann Ericson, 1996; Sailboard, 1996). In studies of college education, similar evidence has been accumulated for differential effectiveness of various learning activities. Inspired by Crack and Outliving ¶s (1975) classic work on depth of processing, Schemes and Grove (1979) found that college students with above average Gaps differed from students w ith below average grades in their reports of cognitive processes mediating their learning.The students with higher Gaps were found to endorse more inventory items about elaborative encoding and deep analysis and synthesis, but were not found to fifer in their endorsement of traditional study and learning methods from the students with lower Gaps. In fact, they found that students? endorsement of traditional study was negatively related to their academic assessment tests (ACT).More recent research on effective learning (for reviews see Pinprick, 2000; Pestilence Plinking, 2001 ; Zimmerman, 2000) has explored successful students ¶ reports of the regulation of learning activities and the study environment within educational settings. For example, Zimmerman and Bandeau (1994) showed that self-efficacy (as rated by college dents) and grade expectations predicted grades in a writing class. Bandmasters, Pinprick, and Badgering (1996) found that college students with low, medium, and high course grades differed in their reported learning characteristics for social and natural science but not humanities courses.Specifically, Bandmasters et al. (1996) showed that high achievers in social and natural science had more domain-specific knowledge, more adaptive motivational beliefs, and better self-regulation. More recently Zimmerman (1 998, 2002) has developed a general framework for self-regulation in studying. He demonstrated close parallels between effective activities in studying in academic settings and self-regulated practice in the development of expert performance in many domains of expertise (Ericson, 1996, 2002, AAA, Bibb).The current paper seeks to identify observable indicators of effective learning activities in the complex domain of academic performance in a university setting by extending the theoretical frameworks of deliberate practice and self-regulated learning. We propose that distinctions between deliberate practice and other types of practice can be applied to studying and hat this distinction can, at least in part, explain why measures combining all types of study activities in the school system are not valid predictors of grades.Furthermore, we propose a few observable indicators that would reveal active efforts by some of the students to plan study activities in environments that are conducive to deliberate practice and self-regulated study activities in college. Of particular interest are learning activities reflecting deliberate and self-regulated practice that are related to increased performance (GAP). However, in addition to factors that are hypothesized to remote the quality of study, there are numerous other factors in the college environment that also influence GAP 100 and performance across a wide range of academic subjects (e. . , prior knowledge of subject, skills, and cognitive abilities). Therefore, our approach focuses on measuring a wide range of factors important for academic performance, so that we can statistically control for these factors and eventually estimate the relationship between study time and academic performance. 1 . 2. Toward a model of factors that determine grades during a semester In college Common measures of performance in college are the emulated GAP or the GAP for a given semester. These measures are averages of course grades, which are likely determined by two types of factors.The first type can be measured prior to the start of a targeted semester, such as the knowledge, abilities, and skills that had been acquired prior to the start of the semester. The second group of factors consists of the concurrent study and the learning and non-learning activities that take place during the semester. We consider each of these types of factors in turn. 1 . 2. 1 . Factors reflecting conditions prior to the start of a semester Previously acquired knowledge, skills, and stable abilities relevant to a given course will directly affect performance on tests and the final examination.These factors will also have an indirect impact by influencing the amount and type of new learning that is necessary during the semester for a student to reach a given level of mastery. Based on a large body of research, the best measures of basic cognitive skills and abilities and prior learning are SAT scores, high- school GAP, and prior grades in college (e. G. , Allen et al. , 1972; Groaner Lawmakers Zulu, 2000; Henries, 1972; Schuman et al. , 1985). Allen teal. (1972), for example, found that high school rank was a better predictor of GAP than study time or test anxiety. Standardized assessments of aptitude such as SAT and ACT scores are also predictive of performance in college (Gardner Lawmakers Zulu, 2000; Henries, 1 972; Schuman et al. , 1985). One might argue that the single best variable summarizing this information would be the cumulative GAP for college at the time of the start of the relevant semester. However, this measure also reflects many stable characteristics concerning quality and quantity of past study behaviors that re likely to be continued into the current semester. . 2. 2. Factors reflecting effective study during a semester If the goal is to predict GAP and cumulative GAP for students, it is necessary to focus on information that students are capable of reporting accurately from memory about the entire current semester. Although it would be fascinating if students were willing to report their detailed study processes for every hour of study during the semester, it would be virtually impossible to validate this information, particularly retrospectively.Consequently, we chose to focus on observable heartsickness of activities that students actively initiated to influence not only the amount of study time but also the quality of study. Based on the deliberate-practice framework, effective learning requires high levels of concentration and focus on the study activities (Ericson, 1996, 2002; Ericson et 1993). As a result, studying should be more 101 effective if it takes place in environments that allow full concentration (Zimmerman, 1998, 2002).Whereas s ome students may walk over to the library to study alone, others may study with friends and in settings with many potential distracted. However, studying is more likely to reach a quality consistent with deliberate practice and slaughtered academic learning if students schedule studying activities at suitable times and in locations where they would be unlikely to be interrupted and distracted. Consistent with this argument, when researchers have taken steps to assess distractions or interruptions to studying they are typically successful in predicting academic performance.For example, Michaels and Mattie?s (1989) found that studying with the radio and TV was associated with a lower GAP Henries (1972) found that the amount of effective study time (I. . , the number of uninterrupted minutes spent studying) predicted GAP. In addition, Allen et al. (1972) found that the number of interruptions that students reported during studying was negatively correlated with GAP. These findings suggest that students interested in excelling in school might be well served by choosing study environments with a low probability of distraction (e. . , studying alone in the library). We argue that such study environments are more likely to foster the kind of concentration and focus necessary for effective learning (I. E. , deliberate practice and self-regulated learning). Based on research on expert musicians and other elite performers, we know that engagement in deliberate practice is not generally spontaneous but that future expert performers habitually practice at regularly scheduled times (Ericson, 1996, 2002).The factors that control engagement in deliberate practice thus differ from the unplanned and spontaneous engagement in more enjoyable and effortless activities, such as leisure activities with friends (Ericson et al. , 1993). The need for sustained concentration, appropriate environment, and sufficiently long uninterrupted time intervals for deliberate practice requires Eng-term time budgeting and active procrastination. Therefore, given the competing demands for time in college, deliberate practice among college students would require active planning of their time.Similarly, self-regulated, effective learning is argued to require careful forethought and planning (Zimmerman, 1998, 2002). Consistent with these propositions, Britton and Tester (1991) argued that because of the multiple demands on students? time, careful planning of time is critical to success. They believe that good organization and goal setting (I. E. , planning activities a week or more in advance) created a more focused approach to studying and more efficient monitoring of goal accomplishment. Such focus and monitoring are critical to deliberate practice.Consistent with their theorizing, they found that self- management practices such as proportioning tasks were predictive of college students? Gaps even when controlling for their SAT scores (also see Groaner Lawmakers Zulu, 2000). In order for students to engage in the high quality of study necessary for deliberate practice, it is also important that students expend the effort to come to the classes and attend a large percentage of them. It is in the classroom where students receive instruction regarding what information and skills need to be studied and practiced for high levels of performance.Therefore, it is expected that a high level of attendance is required for optimal quality of studying. In addition, other demands or draws for students? time tend to influence the use o f available time and, likely, energy 102 for studying. For example, students who work for pay for a large number of hours each week will have fewer hours available for studying and less freedom to choose when to study. As a result, instead of selecting study time eased on motivation and level of energy, people working many hours for pay may be left with fewer options for when to study (e. G. Late at night, between classes), which may lead to less effective and less focused studying. Similarly, students who choose to spend extensive time partying may also limit the available time for studying as well as the quality of their study time. 1. 3. The current study The current study examines those factors likely to indicate the high quality of study among college students, endemic to deliberate practice and self-regulated learning, in hopes that it will help to clarify the relationship teens study time and GAP Specifically, the current study examined a range of factors reflecting conditions prior to the current academic semester (I. . , high-school GAP SAT scores) as well as factors from the current semester (I. E. , study time, study environment, and planning) and attempted to predict college performance both cumulatively and for a current semester. First, we assessed the relationship between estimated study time and cumulative GAP. We then controlled for previous performance in high school, college, and on standardized aptitude tests before examining the effects of factors from the rent semester, including those related to quality of study on college GAP. Once previously acquired knowledge, skills, and abilities are statistically controlled, we predict that factors related to quality and quantity of study would emerge as predictors of college GAP. Therefore, in the current study, participants were asked about a range of their activities in order to gain a detailed picture of the characteristics as well as quantity of their study behavior. Across the factors assessed in the current study, we focused on objective and verifiable information, such as official university records (e. . , GAP, SAT scores).We selected quantifiable assessments that are verifiable in principle and minimally subjective. For example, the time spent studying in the library, attendance to classes, participation in parties, and outside employment can be validated in future studies by direct observation and interviews of close friends and roommates. We also collected information about studying and other activities in diaries. Similar methods have been used to validate concurrent and ret A respective estimates of deliberate practice (Cote, Ericson, Beamer, 2004; Ericson et al. 1993; Kramer Ericson, 1996). By examining a large range of factors simultaneously, the current work allows us to identify those factors that provide an independent contribution to grade point average. We anticipated that students, who reported studying behaviors that reflect important aspects of deliberate practice (I. E. , focused, uninterrupted, and carefully planned) (Ericson, 1996, 2002, AAA; Ericson et al. , 1 993) and characteristics theoretically related to self-regulated learning (Zimmerman, 1998, 2002), would excel.Specifically, based on the findings regarding deliberate practice and the review of the iterative on academic performance and self-regulated learning, we anticipated E. A. Plant et al. / Contemporary Educational Psychology 30 (2005) 96?1 16 103 that students who studied in a quiet environment with fewer distractions and who carefully organized their study time would achieve higher performance. Further, we expected that students who attended a large percentage of classes and had fewer outside competing demands for their time and energy, such as working for pay or frequently attending parties, would have higher Gaps. Finally, when other factors that may influence the quality of study time (e. . , study environment, planning) are taken into account, we predicted that the amount of reported study time would emerge as a predictor of academic performance. 2. Method 2. 1. Participants Participants were 88 volunteer, undergraduate college students (49% male) from Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida. Participants were required to have completed at least 1 year or 24 credit hours at the university (mean credit hours = 58. 52, SD = 27. 39) to insure that there were enough credit hours to produce a meaningful GAP.Participants were drawn from classes in the departments of Psychology and Education as well as from sports teams at the university. The mean age of the participants was 19. 82 years (SD = 1. 19). All participants signed informed consent documents and release forms for their official university records. 2. 2. Procedure Participation took place in group sessions (typically 15-20 students) in classrooms at the university. Participants were given a packet of materials including a Time Allocation and Academic Performance questionnaire, seven time log forms, and seven stamped and addressed envelopes.